BICS and CALP:

Two types of language proficiency...

Jim Cummins' website with detailed information on the two types of language proficiency.

Parent Involvement as Education

Sandra R. Schecter, Principal Investigator, is Professor of Education and Applied Linguistics at York University, where she teaches courses in first and second language pedagogy and research methods.  This is her website.

Educational Linguistics Vocabulary (when working with ELL students) to know...

Code Switching - is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one variety of language. Often code-switching refers to using more than one variety of language in a single situation (often within a single sentence or even word). In situations of stable bilingualism, code-switching is something you learn as a member of your speech community.

Academic English - Academic English is much more than conversational English. To be successful in classes that are conducted completely in English, students need to be able to read large amounts of academic material in English, understand lectures given in English, think critically about the ideas they have read and heard, and express their understandings and critiques of ideas through speaking and writing in English.

Bi-dialectic - speaking two dialects

Proficiency Levels - Basic, Low Intermediate, High Intermediate, Proficient, Advanced Proficient

Interlanguage - is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language (or L2) who has not become fully proficient yet but is only approximating the target language: preserving some features of their first language (or L1) in speaking or writing the target language and creating innovations. An interlanguage is idiosyncratically based on the learners' experiences with the L2. It can ossify in any of its developmental stages. The learner creates an interlanguage using different learning strategies such as language transfer, overgeneralisation and simplification.

Sustainability - Need to keep getting better at a language.  Students need to keep moving forward.  "move it or lose it."

Cognitive Load - is a term (used in Educational psychology) that refers to the load on working memory during problem solving, thinking and reasoning (including perception, memory, language, etc.).  Most would agree that people learn better when they can build on what they already understand. But the more things a person has to learn in a short amount of time, the more difficult it is to process information in working memory.

Bilingual - Speaking two different languages

Underlying Proficiency - Cummins' common underlying proficiency model of bilingualism can be pictorially represented in the form of two icebergs.  The two icebergs are separate above the surface.  That is, two languages are visibly different in outward conversation.  Underneath the surface, the two icebergs are fused such that the two languages do not function separately.  Both languages operate through the same central processing system.